Kutiyattam

Koodiyattam: The Timeless Performing Art of Kerala

Introduction Koodiyattam (Malayalam: കൂടിയാട്ടം; IAST: kūṭiyāṭṭm; lit. ‘combined act’) is a traditional performing art form of Kerala, India. Combining ancient Sanskrit theatre with elements of Koothu from the Sangam era, it is a unique cultural treasure. Recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, Koodiyattam continues to captivate audiences with its rich history and intricate performances.

Origin and Evolution

Koodiyattam, meaning “combined acting” in Malayalam, merges the grandeur of Sanskrit theatre with the artistry of Koothu. Performed in temple theatres known as koothambalams, it is the only surviving art form that preserves ancient Sanskrit drama traditions. With a history spanning over a thousand years, its precise origins remain unclear.

Both Koodiyattam and Chakyar Koothu trace their roots to the ancient performing art Koothu, referenced in Sangam literature and inscriptions from the Pallava, Pandiyan, Chera, and Chola periods. Temples across South India, such as those in Tanjore, Tiruvidaimaruthur, and Tiruvarur, house inscriptions linking Koothu to sacred worship practices. Notably, rulers from these eras contributed plays to these traditions, including the Pallava king Rajasimha, who authored Kailasodharanam, depicting Ravana’s encounter with Shiva.

During the medieval period, Kulasekhara Varma of the Chera Perumal dynasty reformed Koodiyattam. He introduced the use of Malayalam for the Vidushaka (comic character) and structured performances into defined segments. His plays Subhadradhananjayam and Tapatisamvarana are still performed today, alongside works like Ascaryacudamani by Saktibhadra and Kalyanasaugandhika by Nilakantha.

Instruments and Music

The musical accompaniment in Koodiyattam is integral to its storytelling. Key instruments include:

• Mizhavu: A large percussion instrument, traditionally played by members of the Ambalavas Nambiar caste.
• Kuzhitalam: Cymbals played by Nangyaramma.
• Edakka, Kurumkuzhal, and Sankhu: Supporting instruments enriching the performance.

Performance Style

Traditionally, Koodiyattam was performed by Chakyars and Nangyaramma in temples. The term “Koodiyattam” likely refers to the collaboration of multiple actors on stage or the practice of joining solo performers in Sanskrit drama. Female roles are portrayed by Nangyaramma, as Illotammas (Chakyar women) do not participate.

Performances, ranging from 12 to 150 hours over multiple nights, are divided into three parts:

1. Purappadu: The introduction, where an actor performs a verse with accompanying dance.
2. Nirvahanam: A retrospective using abhinaya (expressive gestures) to depict the main character’s backstory.
3. Koodiyattam: The main play, featuring multiple characters.

Koodiyattam’s intricate performances, rich heritage, and dedication to tradition make it a cultural gem of Kerala. Despite challenges, efforts by individuals and institutions ensure this ancient art form continues to thrive, inspiring audiences worldwide.